Every linear motion design starts with the same choice: How do you convert rotary motor motion into linear travel? The two most common answers are the Lead Screw (simple, cheap, friction-based) and the Ball Screw (complex, expensive, rolling-based). Making the wrong choice here is costly. Use a lead screw where you need precision, and you get backlash. Use a ball screw in a vertical lift without a brake, and your load crashes to the floor. In this guide, we compare them side-by-side. Table of Contents 1. The Physics: Sliding vs. Rolling 2. Efficiency & The "Back-Driving" Danger 3. Accuracy and Backlash 4. Selection Table Advertisement 1. The Physics: Sliding vs. Rolling The fundamental difference is friction. Lead Screws rely on Sliding Friction . The nut (often bronze or plastic) slides directly against the steel screw threads. This generates heat and wear. Ball Screws re...
The following four-article series serves as a comprehensive introduction to the analysis discipline known as the finite element method (FEM). Originally based on works by engineering consultant Steve Roensch, this guide has been updated to cover modern solver algorithms and hardware acceleration.
Third in a four-part series.
Previous: Part 2: Pre-processing & Meshing
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The Solution Phase: Solving the Matrix
While the pre-processing and post-processing phases are interactive and human-intensive, the solution phase is a computational batch process. It is the "black box" where the computer does the heavy lifting.
This phase is the primary bottleneck for complex models. For professional analysis, we recommend using dedicated Mobile Workstations or high-performance desktops equipped with ample RAM (64GB+) and, increasingly, GPU acceleration (CUDA) to speed up matrix operations.
The Governing Equation: [K]{d} = {r}
The solver's job is to assemble millions of individual element equations into a global system equation. For a linear static structural analysis, this takes the form of the famous matrix equation:
[K] {d} = {r}
- [K] - The Stiffness Matrix: A massive square matrix representing the geometric and material stiffness of the entire structure.
- {d} - The Displacement Vector: The "unknowns." The solver tries to find the displacement (X, Y, Z) of every node.
- {r} - The Load Vector: The external forces and pressures applied to the model.
Figure 1: Visualizing the Global Stiffness Matrix. The "banded" diagonal pattern (Sparsity) allows solvers to ignore the millions of zeros (black areas) to save time.
Mathematically, the solver is attempting to minimize the total Potential Energy of the system. It finds the unique position of every node where the internal strain energy balances the external work done by loads (Equilibrium).
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Modern Solver Algorithms
Inverting the [K] matrix directly is computationally impossible for large models (millions of rows). Instead, modern software (Ansys, Nastran, Abaqus) uses two main types of solvers:
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Direct Sparse Solvers: The industry standard for most mechanical problems. It uses variations of Gaussian elimination (like LDLT factorization) to solve the system exactly.
Pros: Robust and accurate for thin-walled or ill-conditioned models.
Cons: Requires massive amounts of RAM. -
Iterative Solvers (PCG): These use an "educated guess" approach (Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient). They iterate towards the solution until the error drops below a tolerance.
Pros: Very fast for bulky, solid models (engine blocks) and uses less RAM.
Cons: Can fail to converge if the model has contact or gaps.
Dynamic Analysis and Advanced Methods
While static analysis solves for equilibrium, Dynamic Analysis adds Mass [M] and Damping [C] matrices to the equation: [M]{a} + [C]{v} + [K]{d} = {F(t)}.
- Modal Analysis: Finds the natural resonant frequencies (eigenvalues) of the part. This is a critical first step to ensure your design doesn't vibrate itself to pieces.
- Harmonic & Transient: These advanced solvers calculate the full response (stress/displacement) over time or frequency ranges.
Continue to Part 4:
Finite Element Analysis (FEA): Post-processing & Verification »
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